Managing Across Cultures

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Recognition of the cultural importance within the business world is crucial to ensuring optimal success associated with business performance within the global market. Besides, comprehending a nation’s culture is an indication of respect. Consequently, it assists in promoting effective communication, which is an essential factor in the success associated with business performance in the global market. As a result, this research paper intends to analyze the global business cultural elements and dimensions related to the United Arab Emirates, to effectively demonstrate the vitality of culture and how the US managers can utilize it in business dealings. Furthermore, this global business analysis will focus on the dimensions and elements which encompass communication, religion, ethics, values and attitudes, manners, customs, education, including social structures as well as organization.

Communication is one of the elements, including dimensions associated with culture within the United Arab Emirates. Besides, the United Arab Emirates falls under the category of high-context culture in terms of communication. For instance, the customs related to the high context, the United Arab Emirates, usually focus on nonverbal communication (Ajmal et al., 2017). As a result, when engaging in communication with a representative from the United Arab Emirates, it is vital to select appropriate words since the message being conveyed may be significantly affected by aspects such as body language, status, and the individual’s voice tone. To ensure effective communication in any business dealings involving the United Arab Emirates, an individual should consider crucial aspects like trust, body language, identity, and communication style.

Moreover, there is a sharp focus on interpersonal relationships within cultures of high contexts, such as the United Arab Emirates. Business transactions frequently happen when a sufficient high trust level is created. Demonstrating the human side is the most effective way to connect with the representatives from the United Arab Emirates. For instance, they invite a candidate from the United Arab Emirates for coffee and chat when engaging in recruitment (Tahir & Ertek, 2018). Besides, building sufficient trust with a business representative from the United Arab Emirates may consume time; however, when effectively created, it remains to be viable and durable. Also, individuals from cultures from high context, for instance, the United Arab Emirates, are generally informed of the individuals within their circle, contrary to individuals outside their circle. Effective time scheduling is not a preference for individuals in the United Arab Emirates (high-context culture). Therefore, one should not be concerned if these individuals do not adhere to time since it does not mean that they do not have an interest in whatever you intend to say.

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Also, since the verbal messages seem indirect in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), body language is much embraced and interpreted. Moreover, personal space is not highly observed in the United Arab Emirates, and therefore standing close to an individual is not intrusive or offensive (Neuliep, 2020). Maintaining eye contact while communicating with an individual from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is crucial since it demonstrates interest and creates trust. Generally, prolonged eye contact is regarded as a means to establish whether an individual is honest or lying. Tone associated with voice is also an aspect that an individual should critically consider when communicating with individuals from the United Arab Emirates since loudness indicates strength. In contrast, softness illustrates the weakness in Arab cultures.

Moreover, identity is usually based on groups (family and work) for individuals within the United Arab Emirates. When engaging in a conversation with an individual from the UAE, it is customary to enquire about his family’s health at the start of the interaction.  Moreover, the communication style is also considered differently in the United Arab Emirates. Since how someone engages in communication is what is highly regarded in the United Arab Emirates, face to face conversations or meetings are highly preferred over emails or phone calls (Neuliep, 2020). Aspects are adequately clarified implicitly, and therefore being precise about an element can be construed easily by a UEA candidate as being rude. As a result, when engaging in communication with the United Arab Emirates candidate, it is appropriate to ask general questions to get the information needed.

Religion is also among the elements as well as dimensions associated with the culture within the United Arab Emirates. Moreover, the Emiratis from the United Arab Emirates are prevalently Sunni Muslims. Besides, the entire political and social matters are controlled by Islamic (Sharia) law. However, the United Arab Emirates tolerates other religions and grants freedom of devotion to the emigrant population (Wibisono et al., 2019). Besides, these religions encompass Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. It is illegal for other denominations or faiths to convert to Muslims, although Muslims are permitted to convert to those other denominations or faith.

Also, Muslims are not permitted to proselytize outside Islam, and there exist consequences for individuals who actively make attempts and promote Muslims to proselytize to another religion different from Islam. For instance, there is a high record associated with cases of people being deported from the UAE for engaging in the distribution of the Bibles to believers of Islam. Even if Bibles are not prohibited, distributing them to believers of Islam is very illegal in the United Arab Emirates (Wibisono et al., 2019). As a result, it is crucial to understand and respect Islam’s religion when dealing with a native Emirati since this Islamic religion is incorporated in every aspect associated with the UAE society, including business life. Moreover, disobeying the expectations as well as rules surrounding the Islamic religion in the United Arab Emirates can lead to the poor performance of a business within the global marketplace associated with the United Arab Emirates.

Ethics is also among the crucial elements as well as dimensions related to the culture in the United Arab Emirates. Besides, this aspect of ethics encompasses several factors, as subsequently outlined. In the United Arab Emirates, partners involved in business dealings always ensure that they keep their promises associated with the stipulated dealings. Besides, this is attributed to the fact that the nation views the practice of maintaining the business dealings’ guarantees as ethical (Aslani et al., 2016) typically. In the United Arab Emirates, fair competition among the various competing firms is always embraced since the UAE considers fair competition as an ethical practice.

Moreover, the proportional sharing of profit and loss among the involved business firms or partners is regarded as an ethical practice in the United Arab Emirates. Contrarily, the nation (UAE) considers the use of alcohol when taking part in business discussions as an unethical practice (Aslani et al., 2016). It does not also encourage the business dealings related to the selling of land to non-relatives since the practice is viewed as an unethical practice. It is also wrong to pay interest rates in Islamic Banks within the United Arab Emirates.

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Values, including attitudes, are among the elements as well as dimensions associated with culture in the United Arab Emirates. Besides, these values, as well as attitudes, include women’s empowerment commitment, compassion in consideration of the vulnerable communities, investing in the people’s wellbeing, consistent innovation, tolerance associated with other cultures and religions as well as civility and respect for one another (Bellingham, 2018). Several organizations, as well as governmental systems in the United Arab Emirates, always promote the UAE’s value of women empowerment through several mechanisms, such as ensuring gender equity and equality in employment, implementing women’s empowerment initiatives, and advocating for women’s rights observance.

Also, the governmental and non-governmental structures associated with the United Arab Emirates ensure the value of wellbeing of the Emiratis through the promotion of social responsibility related to them. For instance, these UAE’s governmental and non-governmental organizations promote the well-being of the Emiratis by making sure that their organizational operations are based on the interests of the Emiratis (Ronen & Shenkar, 2017). The United Arab Emirates also takes part in some initiatives to effectively comfort the less fortunate. For instance, the implementation of some charity-based programs to assist the less fortunate or vulnerable communities. Tolerance related to other cultures and religions is another value that is highly embraced by the United Arab Emirates through granting religious freedom to other denominations such as Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism, etc.

Another element or dimension associated with culture in the United Arab Emirates is manners. Besides, the United Arab Emirates significantly embrace good manners which focus on the dressing code, meetings, negotiation, and management (Ronen & Shenkar, 2017). Based on the dressing code, individuals are expected to dress conservatively in the United Arab Emirates. Men need to put on a neat tie and suit. On the other hand, women should modestly and smartly dress while ensuring their arms are fully covered, without considering the temperature.

Moreover, in the United Arab Emirates, appointments associated with meetings should be established earlier; for instance, two weeks before the actual conference (Ronen & Shenkar, 2017). Besides, these appointments need to be ascertained two days before the actual day of holding the meeting. Also, punctuality is very crucial and is highly seems to be respected in the United Arab Emirates.  Furthermore, when negotiating with a representative or candidate from the United Arab Emirates, do not utilize tactics associated with high pressure since it will not be tolerated, resulting in the termination of the business meetings proceedings. Besides, about management, an ex-pat should be very informed that in the United Arab Emirates, deference is given to the family head, who also is probable to be the primary decision-maker in the family-owned firms.

Customs are also among the elements as well as dimensions related to culture in the United Arab Emirates. Besides, these customs put a great emphasis on the greetings and meetings, communication style, food, and dining as well as the taboos. Based on the element of greetings and meetings, one should ensure that he or she uses the right hand when greeting a representative or candidate from the United Arab Emirates (Timothy, 2019). Also, Arab women or men reject the hands of individuals of the opposite sex. It is religious compliance embraced by many females and male Muslims.  Consequently, this is not offensive, and it should not be taken personally by the ex-pat from western countries.

Moreover, in consideration of the communication style associated with the United Arab Emirates, precise talk is widespread, always expected, and is frequently an introduction to the business meeting or discussion. In the context of food and dining, individuals from the United Arab Emirates still consider and embrace dining as a significant social affair, that can be a reliable and effective means of undertaking business (Ronen & Shenkar, 2017). Besides, when dining in a restaurant within the United Arab Emirates, present above the service charge, usually projected at 10% at most. Furthermore, in consideration of the taboos embraced by the United Arab Emirates, an individual is not expected to criticize Islam or discuss religion since the act is highly regarded as a taboo. It is also taboo in the United Arab Emirates for an individual to attend a meeting or go for a date when scantily dressed.

Social structures, including organizations, are also regarded as the critical elements as well as dimensions related to culture in the United Arab Emirates. Besides, the social system related to the UAE is not hierarchically flexible due to the nationality of the Emiratis. Moreover, a family is the central social system in the United Arab Emirates; thus, the Emiratis will always be very informed of their origins regardless of how far they may travel or go (Al-Agtash & Khadra, 2019).  Besides, in the United Arab Emirates, a family is rooted in long-term values associated with the Emirati tribe’s kinship. Also, schools are part of the social structures as well as organizations in the United Arab Emirates. Even if public schools are freely available for the Emiratis, several local children seek educational services in some international schools to purposefully get equipped with English speaking skills.

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The aspect of education is highly regarded as one of the most effective dimensions and elements associated with culture in the United Arab Emirates. Education has been considered a necessity for all Emiratis children from five years and above, including ex-pats residents. Secondary and primary education is freely offered in public institutions within the United Arab Emirates (Hiasat, 2018). Moreover, the United Arab Emirates government has preferably considered education as one of the viable elements that can establish a competitive knowledge and enhance economic growth apart from the contribution made by the hydrocarbon sector.

Besides, the United Arab Emirates government has effectively utilized revenues generated from the oil industry to maximize the rates of educational attainment and create an appropriate education system that is of high quality (Chidambaranathan, & Regha, 2016). Besides, the United Arab Emirates’ government strategic 2030 plan is to enhance accreditation standards, maximize research output, and establish education curricula that are highly focused on promoting more employment opportunities in consultation with the sector of business.

The successful business performance of the various business operations within the United Arab Emirates heavily depends on the practical observance and implementation of multiple elements as well as dimensions associated with culture in this nation (Al Jeriawi, 2016). As a result, several locals in the UAE (United Arab Emirates) integrate the elements, including dimensions, to ensure the successful performance of their business operations within the United Arab Emirates. Besides, this is subsequently outlined in this paper.

Communication is one of the critical elements that determine the successful performance of any business operation. Since the United Arab Emirates is a culture associated with a high context, the locals undertaking business in this nation usually focus on non-verbal communication as the appropriate mechanism of interaction (Neuliep, 2020).  The locals performing various business activities in the United Arab Emirates typically consider several factors: body language, trust, communication style, and identity when engaging in communication. Whenever involved in any business meeting, these locals always maintain eye contact with the involved business partners to effectively establish trust associated with the business dealings related to them. Besides, this is because the maintenance of eye contact is an indication of trust.

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Religion is also among the critical aspects that can negatively affect a global business operation’s successful performance when it is not adequately addressed. Moreover, the locals managing business operations in the United Arab Emirates always ensure complete observance of religious practices and laws related to the Islam religion, to promote their business performance (Al-Najjar, 2019). Besides, this is attributed to the fact that the Islamic religion is embraced in every aspect related to the United Arab Emirates society, including business life. As a result, failure to comply with the established Islamic policies in this nation may result in the poor performance of an international business operation or the complete termination of the global business, particularly in the United Arab Emirates.

Business ethics is also among the elements as well as dimensions that can paralyze the global business performance in the United Arab Emirates, when not effectively embraced by various business firms. As a result, the locals undertaking business within the United Arab Emirates ensure compliance with the established business ethics to promote the successful performance of the business operations (Sibai et al., 2019). For instance, these locals always ensure that they engage in fair competition within the industry to effectively embrace the ethical practice associated with fair competition within the various sectors in the United Arab Emirates.

Moreover, the locals also ensure that they proportionally share the losses and profits made to uphold the ethical practice related to the proportional sharing of losses and profits, as expected by the United Arab Emirates. The locals taking part in business operations within the United Arab Emirates also embrace business ethics in this nation by avoiding the business deals that involve selling of land to non-relatives (Farouk & Jabeen, 2018). Also, the locals managing the various business operations in the United Arab Emirates maintain business ethics by not engaging in alcohol consumption during business discussions. Besides, this is based on the fact that alcohol consumption during business discussions is regarded as unethical practice in the United Arab Emirates.

The values and attitudes related to the United Arab Emirates culture effectively contribute to the success of business operations when adequately embraced. Besides, the locals performing various business operations in the United Arab Emirates embrace these values as well as attitudes in multiple ways as subsequently presented. For instance, these locals embrace the UAE’S value of women empowerment by offering equitable job positions to women. They advocate for the promotion of women’s rights in relevant job sectors (Jaen et al., 2017). Moreover, the locals participating in various business operations within the United Arab Emirates promote the UAE’s value of compassion to the vulnerable communities by establishing and implementing charitable programs geared towards supporting the less fortunate persons or communities. The locals also ensure that they promote social benefit through their business operations within the United Arab Emirates.

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The practice of good manners associated with culture in the United Arab Emirates can effectively result in a global business’s successful performance within this nation (United Arab Emirates). Besides, the locals undertaking various business operations within the United Arab Emirates have integrated manners into their business operations in multiple ways. For instance, whenever attending any business meeting, these locals always ensure punctuality to the business meetings, since the aspect of punctuality is highly respected within the business context related to this nation (El-Maamiry, 2020). Besides, when engaged in any business discussion or meeting, these locals do not utilize any tactics associated with high pressure. Moreover, this is based on the reason that the use of the tactic of high pressure is not tolerated in the business context of the United Arab Emirates. Consequently, it can result in the termination of the business meeting’s proceedings, and this may, in turn, lead to the overall poor performance of the business within the marketplace of this nation.

The observance of customs can also lead to the adequate performance of various global businesses within the United Arab Emirates. Moreover, this is because the practice of customs in consideration of a business context is highly respected and failure to observe the established cultural customs within the United Arabs Emirates may lead to the emergence of conflict, which can consequently hinder the successful performance of the business operation (Alon et al., 2018). Therefore, the locals managing various business operations within the United Arab Emirates have engaged in observing different established customs associated with culture within this nation. For instance, in consideration of the custom associated with greetings, these locals always ensure that they use the right hand when greeting a representative or candidate from the United Arab Emirates. Besides, when in any business meetings, the locals associated with the business operations in the UAE engage in small or price talk, which is customarily regarded as an introduction to the business meeting within the business setting of this nation.

The aspect of social structure and organization is also regarded as one of the crucial elements which can hinder the successful performance of any business operation when not adequately considered in the United Arab Emirates. Besides, this is attributed to the fact that in the UAE, the family is regarded as the central social system, which is also highly considered even in business dealings (Alon et al., 2018). Therefore, the locals engaged in business operations within the UAE always observe that deference is given to the family head, who is probably the primary decision-maker in the family-owned firms.

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Education is one of the most aspects which are highly prioritized and embraced by the government of UAE (United Arab Emirates). Besides, this aspect of education is a viable opportunity for every business that intends to engage in a sustainable mutual relationship with the UAE’s government. Consequently, it may enable the involved business to gain government support based on the established mutual relationship. For instance, a given business firm’s establishment and implementation of various education initiatives may positively influence the UAE’s government to develop governmental laws and policies that favour the involved business firm (Gaweesh & Al Haid, 2018). As a result, based on this scenario, many locals managing different businesses within the United Arab Emirates have incorporated the aspect of education into their business operations in various ways. For instance, most of the locals undertaking multiple business operations in this nation have established and implemented school building projects to effectively establish a favourable mutual relationship between them and the government.

In consideration of Hofstede’s model, it is evident that both the United States and the United Arab Emirates have hierarchical societies. Besides, this implies that in both cultures, the societies are equal, and the individual roles are defined differently, depending on the various circumstances that may emerge (Lee et al., 2018). Also, both the US and the United Arab Emirates consider the aspect of ethical dressing code when attending a business meeting. In both cultures, the frontier type of education system is embraced, and education is compulsory for every child with five years and above.

One of the differences associated with US cultures and the culture of the United Arab Emirates is the aspect of interrelationships. For instance, the United Arab Emirates embrace collectivism, and therefore strong relationships are needed for the effective establishment and successful performance of the business (Kaynak & Lee, 2018). Contrarily, the US societies are highly hierarchical, and therefore individuals within the United States can engage in business even with strangers.

Moreover, the cooperation sense characterized with a low score of power distance for the UAE results in business practice associated with slow decision making, which is based on the consensus of a large group (Dawkins et al., 2016). Contrarily, American business operations are very hierarchical and involve quick decision making. Besides, the quick decision-making process associated with the American business is majorly based on the involvement of a small expert group.

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Hofstede’s analysis has encompassed six dimensions, which are very critical in the cultural analysis related to the United States of America and the United Arab Emirates. Moreover, these dimensions include power distance, masculinity, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence, as subsequently presented. The power distance within the United Arab Emirates is above that of the United States of America (Beugelsdijk et al., 2017). An. Besides, the UAE’s power distance is projected at 97, and this demonstrates that the UAE’s society is very hierarchical. Contrarily, the power distance of the US, which is projected at 40, indicates that a society associated with the US is equal, and individuals’ roles can be defined differently, depending on the various circumstances that may emerge.

Also, the masculinity score associated with the United Arab Emirates is projected at 50, which implies that the nation is neither feminine nor masculine. However, the US masculinity score, which is projected at 62, demonstrates that the US has a high drive and orientation towards success compared to the UAE (Beugelsdijk et al., 2017).  Besides, based on individualism, the United Arab Emirates records a score of 25, demonstrating that this nation is embracing collectivism. As a result, in this society, loyalty among the groups is highly considered. Contrarily, the United States’ score, which is projected at 92, illustrates that its society is very hierarchical as compared to the United Arab Emirates.

Furthermore, about uncertainty avoidance, the United Arab Emirates records 80 and therefore confirms that it is a society that significantly makes attempts to avoid uncertainty. Contrarily, the United States of America records 46. Moreover, this implies that it is a society that does not greatly focus on avoiding uncertainty but instead embraces new ideas that promote innovation and inventions. Moreover, based on the dimension of long-term orientation, the UAE has recorded no score. Besides, this implies that it is a society that does not analyze to ascertain whether the new information is valid (Beugelsdijk et al., 2017). However, the US score, which is projected at 26, demonstrates that it is a society that greater focuses on performing analysis to ascertain if a new idea or information is relevant. Ultimately, in consideration of the aspect of indulgence, the United Arab Emirates does not project any score. As a result, it may be assumed that this nation does not value prudence. Contrarily, the United States’ score, which is projected at 68, demonstrates that the country embraces prudence and concurrently values hard work.

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Bibliography

Ajmal, M., Helo, P., & Kassem, R. (2017). Conceptualizing trust with a cultural perspective in international business operations. Benchmarking: An International Journal.

Al Jerjawi, K. (2016). Cultural dimensions’ impact on performance management in the UAE market. Innovative Journal of Business and Management, 62-71.

Al Samman, H., & Jamil, S. A. (2017). Foreign Direct Investment and Stock Market Development: A Panel Data Analysis: Evidence from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). ISSN 1990-5149 PATRON.

Al-Agtash, S., & Khadra, L. (2019). Internationalization Context of Arabia Higher Education. International Journal of Higher Education, 8(2), 68-81.

Al-Najjar, B. (2019). Identity and Regional Conflicts in the Arabian Gulf. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 12(4), 3-16.

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