The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) offers two primary systems for citing sources: the Notes and Bibliography system and the Author-Date system. The Notes and Bibliography system is often used in the humanities, while the Author-Date system is used in the sciences and social sciences. This guide provides a detailed overview of how to cite various sources using both systems.

Notes and Bibliography System

In-Text Citations (Footnotes/Endnotes)

In the Notes and Bibliography system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. A corresponding bibliography is provided at the end of the document.

Basic Format:

– First Citation: Author’s Full Name, *Title of the Book* (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.

– Example: John Smith, *Understanding Psychology* (New York: Psychology Press, 2020), 15.

– Subsequent Citations: Author’s Last Name, *Shortened Title*, Page Number.

– Example: Smith, *Understanding Psychology*, 15.

Bibliography

The bibliography lists all sources cited in your text, arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name.

Basic Format:

– Books: Author’s Last Name, First Name. *Title of the Book*. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

– Example: Smith, John. *Understanding Psychology*. New York: Psychology Press, 2020.

– Journal Articles: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Article.” *Title of the Journal* Volume Number, Issue Number (Year): Page Range.

– Example: Smith, John. “Cognitive Development in Children.” *Journal of Psychology* 10, no. 2 (2020): 123-135.

Author-Date System

In-Text Citations

In the Author-Date system, sources are cited in the text using parentheses that include the author’s last name and the year of publication. For direct quotes, include the page number.

Basic Format:

– Paraphrasing: (Author Year)

– Example: (Smith 2020)

– Direct Quote: (Author Year, Page Number)

– Example: (Smith 2020, 15)

Reference List

The reference list at the end of your document provides full details of all sources cited in your text, arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name.

Basic Format:

– Books: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Year. *Title of the Book*. Place of Publication: Publisher.

– Example: Smith, John. 2020. *Understanding Psychology*. New York: Psychology Press.

– Journal Articles: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of the Article.” *Title of the Journal* Volume Number (Issue Number): Page Range.

– Example: Smith, John. 2020. “Cognitive Development in Children.” *Journal of Psychology* 10 (2): 123-135.

Common Source Types

Books

– Print Book (Notes and Bibliography): John Smith, *Understanding Psychology* (New York: Psychology Press, 2020), 15.

– Print Book (Author-Date): Smith, John. 2020. *Understanding Psychology*. New York: Psychology Press.

Journal Articles

– Print Journal Article (Notes and Bibliography): John Smith, “Cognitive Development in Children,” *Journal of Psychology* 10, no. 2 (2020): 123-135.

– Print Journal Article (Author-Date): Smith, John. 2020. “Cognitive Development in Children.” *Journal of Psychology* 10 (2): 123-135.

Websites

– Webpage with Author (Notes and Bibliography): John Smith, “Understanding Cognitive Development,” *Psychology Today*, June 10, 2020, https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/understanding-cognitive-development.

– Webpage with Author (Author-Date): Smith, John. 2020. “Understanding Cognitive Development.” *Psychology Today*, June 10. https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/understanding-cognitive-development.

Formatting Guidelines

– General: Double-space all text, use a 1-inch margin on all sides, and apply a readable font (e.g., Times New Roman 12 pt).

– Title Page: Include the title, author’s name, and institutional affiliation.

– Headers: Include a header with the page number in the top right corner.

– Headings: Use clear and concise headings for different sections of your paper.

– Footnotes/Endnotes: Number footnotes or endnotes consecutively throughout your document.

By following this Chicago citation guide, you can ensure your academic writing is properly cited and adheres to the standards of the Chicago Manual of Style. This will help maintain the credibility and integrity of your work.