Introduction

In the assignment, two journal papers have been discussed. One is “Inequality, Institutions, and Organizations” and another journal is “Long-term trajectories of institutional change in European capitalism”. The background, research questions, and the debate that arise from the journals are being discussed. The background of the first journal article is discussed about the inequality of a social group while the second journal is based on the long term path of the change in the institution of European capitalism. The research question of the first journal discussed the inequality that happens in the organization or the institution and the second journal is examining the link between four levels of association which regulate the economy i.e. meso, micro, macro (national), and international. The debate arises in the first journal about the inequality of different cultural people in the organization while the second debate is that how different institutions are properly shaped by the sets of social and political cooperation. A short literature review of the authors has been shown. The argument which has been made by the author to develop the paper building after their review is also being shown in this assignment of both the journals. A brief methodology of inequality, institutions, and organizations, and long-term trajectories of institutional change in European capitalism has been given to emphasize the justifications that have been provided regarding the methodological choices. A key finding has been shown in respect of both the journal to the contribution of the research question.

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Literature Review

Kavadias et al. (2020) has reviewed that there is a link between mental illness and inequality which also includes depression and schizophrenia that has been well ascertained. It is being stated with an example that there is a positive relationship between the murder rates and inequality which fall evidence for the unfavourable result of inequality that has been accruing rapidly. As is identified by Bapuji et al. (2020) the big obstruction for the growth of the economy has lied the inequality. The institutions and the organizations t ions which play a prominent role in the daily lives of an individual are now centrally implicating through this special issue of inequality. It has also been noticed that inequality affects tee social groups which are very problematic. Thus, it is seen that the richer are getting richer, and the poorer are getting poorer. Significantly, there remains a genre pay gap in the position over generations as well as various racial minorities, black people and Hispanics are facing worsen situations from their white associate people. Fehl and Freistein (2020) argued that through the independent actions of the
organizations and the collective action, the perpetuation and creation of inequality with the offering of several explanations have made the inequality. At the same time, Amis (2020) argued with this context that a sharp departure from the ideological situation which shaped much of North America and western Europe followed by the second world war end which led to a decline of economic inequality in the UK, the US as in other countries also.

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The journal of the long-term path of institutional change in European capitalism Voskeritsian (2020) has stated that the comparative capitalism of the earliest times largely paid attention to the constancy of the institutional arrangements which have been deep-rooted in the path-dependent legacies of biased elements. In the liberal economic market of the USA and UK liberalization and grounding is less uniform after the war of social compromises of the managerial pluralistic industrial relation, managerial capitalism, and state regulation of the markets. In both, the country’s liberalization is being deepened to create new institutional logics that are based on the financial independencies between the household sector, capital markets, and corporations. In contrast to this, the “Thatcher revolution’s” imagery, Edwards, and Gospel stress the augmentation scenery of various changes in the United Kingdom. These involve unexpected communications towards the policy fields and the policy drift is also involved. In this context Heeb (2020) has argued that the examination is based on the linkage between the four institution-level which regulates the economy but not on the specific domains which have a scope to provide a uniquely comprehensive analysis. Moreover, it has also been stated that linkage is done across
six domains of the institution which compare the changes in all cases.

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Methodology

The journal of inequality is fully based on paper and conceptual research. The special issue of inequality among society is being emerged from the final theme of this assignment. To develop a deep understanding of the deep engagement of the specific situations and the contexts are unsightly necessary for troublesome the problems of inequality. Various authors have devoted an amount of time to this field by submerging themselves in very multifaceted situations through the methods of ethnography. Similarly, Styhre and Bergström (2019) have gained a friendly familiarity with the study context through their experiences of them as students and professors. Significantly, through the historical methods, a deep engagement has been achieved which is dawn on a 70-year-old history for the study. This study is based on the study of Quebecois funeral co-operative.

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The journal’s long-term path of institutional change in European capitalism has followed a common methodology with an approach to the conceptual paper. The loom or approach is intended for the facility the comparative advantage to understand the rivers and the patterns of the change in the institution. Apparently, with the institution change, it has also been shown how the countries in dissimilar and similar ways liberalization are impacted. It is believed of all that the collection makes four inputs to understand the institutional change in the literature of comparative capitalisms (CC). A justification has been seen in this context that the adaptation of a long-term historical point of view allows us to observe the transformative effects potentially concerning incremental changes (Haagh 2019). Even, America’s Reagan or Britain’s Thatcher policy of radial linearization years was more gradual and less coherent in the effect that is assumed often. This assumption has been ahs been unfolded through the unintended result across the different sovereign rule fields.

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Finings and Discussion

In the topic of inequality, Peters (2020) has examined that over six years four national newspapers show hundred of articles. While, at the looking ahead method, obviously the deep engagement applies to all the areas of research as in the study of inequality deep engagement is particularly important. The inequality’s causes and consequences concerning the relation with the organization and institution represent a multifaceted occurrence. A specific method is not required for a sufficient understanding of inequality but a paradigm and epistemology create a demand for deep engagement with these social contexts. Also, Müller (2020) has examined that male nurses are always recognized by the patients. A perception is typically shown when a male nurse is something different other than nurses while at the same time white nurses are considered as doctors and the black nurses as caretakers. In the law firms of the US, it has also been exposed that discrimination is based on class and gender. In this context, McNally (2019) argued that the key findings, in general, hold professional service firms beyond law firms. Comparative study of the journal long-term path of institutional change in European capitalism
inevitably depends on the theoretical structure to map the framework and standard the multiplicity of institutions with relation to the changes over time. The comparative capitalism literature which is in lack agreement on different various types of capitalisms, the institutional domains key which constitutes different types, and the conceptual dimensions which are used for the comparison of the institutions within the remained domains (Roos 2019). Comparative capitalisms (CC) literature has shown several competing presumptions about the institutional alter but the section of dimensions of diversity in institution briefly reviews the existing theoretical typologies in the CC summaries and literature which form the major findings concerning the institutional change domain.

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Conclusion

Inequality was a big issue in which the organization and the institution have been overlooked. Since then it emerges as an important topic after the exploration of the issues. With the presence of various arguments of authors, I think that the institutional and the organizational theorists are needed to contribute much to the drivers of and need to get sustainable solutions for the inequality. From the analysis of the journal, I have seen that the eight paper journal has constituted a special issue in the institution and the organization. Many of the authors have granted the organizational practices and perpetuate the inequality by giving a privilege to some groups concerning hiring, reward, decisions, and promotions. Moreover, the style adopted by the author is embedded with the organization which promotes exclusionary practices rather than proclaiming those who are inherent on a meritocratic basis. It is seen by me that the somatic norm of the heterosexual, middle-class male and the white always remains beneficent in the decision making of an organization. I have also seen that the prevalence of race, gender, and class are being continued. In this respect, various dimensions have been excluded o intensify and confuse the structures and processes.

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I observed that the words outlined by the author have made little to achieve a little of the objectives of inequality in the institutions. Though a little bit has been achieved yet a much more is there to learn. The mechanisms which we understand through which the inequality is translated into trade and industry inequalities are not enough. Our institution’s organizations are often missing the central fundamentals through which the dissimilarity is amplified and instantiated. The inequality is increasing in a very fast manner so the institutions and the organizations are very complex in very different ways. Therefore, I hope that this special issue will guide and inspire future research efforts. Our physical, democratic structures, economic, psychological, and social well being have been achieved as per the review of the author. Based on the research on the topic of the long-term path of institutional change in European
capitalism I concluded that the economy of Europe has become less solidarity over time gone as well as coordination has also become less. However, on these dimensions the European countries had a dissimilar point of starting and which changes to distinct extents. The presence of the assets in relationship-specific is based on the dimension of coordination rather than the basis of transferable assets. The relation of the employments duration, the arrangements of a non-market cooperative between the firms, bargaining collectively of the coordination, and the long-term patient capital is measured through the coordination. I have seen that in the system of finance and governance of the corporate area for example new financing alternatives created through liberalization that eroded the coordination of long term between the patient investors and the firms. It can be also concluded by me that the paper has met the objectives of the authors as here in the policy the role of the public policy and the state is an important driver for liberalization (Haas et al. 2020 ). But at the same time, we should remind that in stable institutional arrangements liberalization has a call for political demand for the re-embed markets.

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Unfortunately, we have also seen in this policy how the foundation of political opinions of solidarity remains in a weak position within the sophisticated capitalist financial system. We should also realize that the segmentation of the economy which is growing has been a result of liberalization. These have been fragmented in the interest of class-based between the state welfare and the labour markets and the outsiders. I can easily say that the style and structure adopted by the author have institutionalized the financial interests with the component of the government itself (e.g. public debt and lobbying), households (e.g. mortgages, consumer credit, funds from the pension), companies ( e.g. business activities which are financed). At the end of the conclusion, I can say the public policy in potential will surely not just be added moderate entrepreneurship.

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References

Kavadias, D., Nohemi Jocabeth, E.V. and Hemmerechts, K., 2020. Inequality, civic education and intended future civic engagement: an examination of research in Western democracies. The Palgrave Handbook of Citizenship and Education, pp.583-597.

Bapuji, H., Ertug, G. and Shaw, J.D., 2020. Organizations and societal economic inequality: a review and way forward. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), pp.60-91.

Fehl, C. and Freistein, K., 2020. Organising Global Stratification: How International Organisations (Re) produce Inequalities in International Society. Global Society, pp.1-19.

Styhre, A. and Bergström, O., 2019. The benefit of market-based governance devices: Reflections on the issue of growing economic inequality as a corporate concern. European Management Journal, 37(4), pp.413-420.

Heeb, S., 2020. Logics of liberalization under contemporary coordinated capitalism–japan’s trajectory of socio-economic institutional change (Doctoral dissertation, University of Geneva).

Voskeritsian, H., Kornelakis, A., Kapotas, P. and Veliziotis, M., 2020. United We Stand? Marketization, institutional change and employers’ associations in crisis. Economic and Industrial Democracy.

Haagh, L.A., 2019. The political economy of governance capacity and institutional change: The case of basic income security reform in European welfare states. Social Policy and Society, pp.243-263.

Roos, J., 2019. From the Demise of Social Democracy to the ‘End of Capitalism’: The Intellectual Trajectory of Wolfgang Streeck. Historical Materialism, 1(aop), pp.1-41.

Haas, J.S., D’Erman, V.J., Schulz, D.F. and Verdun, A., 2020. Economic and fiscal policy coordination after the crisis: is the European Semester promoting more or less state intervention?. Journal of European Integration, 42(3), pp.327-344.

Amis, J.M., Mair, J. and Munir, K.A., 2020. The organizational reproduction of inequality. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), pp.195-230.

Müller, T., 2020. Institutional Reforms and the Politics of Inequality Reproduction: The Case of the League of Nations’ Council Crisis in 1926. Global Society, pp.1-14.

Peters, D., 2020. Justifying Inequality as Equality: Germany and the Reform of Voting Weights in the Council of the European Union. Global Society, pp.1-18.

McNally, C.A., 2019. Theorizing Sino-capitalism: implications for the study of comparative capitalisms. Contemporary Politics, 25(3), pp.313-333.